BIOTECH IN FLORA

 

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ADCANCEMENTS IN FLORAL BIOLOGY

Biotechnological tools along with conventional breeding methods are being used to alter floral color, form as well as disease resistance. Biotechnology is revolutionizing the ornamental crop plants. By transferring genes, breeders can create new cultivars with traits that are impossible to achieve through traditional breeding methods. Gene silencing techniques like RNAi, CRES-T, and miRNA are being used to change floricultural traits, such as flower color, scent, and disease resistance. While commercial applications of genetic transformation are still limited, the Moon series of transgenic carnations and blue roses are successful examples. Additionally, biotechnological manipulation of floral scent can be achieved by isolating and introducing scent biosynthetic genes.

Biotechnology and genetic engineering are taking significant attention in the ornamental plant industry. Both private and government sectors are investing in research and development to create new plant varieties with improved characteristics. Recent advancements have shifted towards enhancing quality traits for industrial applications. By introducing genes from other species, genetic engineering enables the development of ornamental plants with traits like disease resistance, stress tolerance, and improved floral architecture. 

DIFFERENT METHODS

Tissue culture: It is a technique of biotechnology that involves propagating plant cells,

tissues or organs in controlled lab conditions. Tissue culture has become an important tool

for the rapid multiplication and cultivation of disease-free floriculture crops.

International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research 

Factors responsible for efficiency of tissue culture include:

 Genotype: The genetic makeup of the plant material

can significantly impact its response to tissue culture

conditions.

Medium: The composition of the growth medium,

including nutrients, hormones, and other components,

plays a major role in tissue growth and development.

Sugars: The type and concentration of sugars in the

medium can affect plant cell metabolism and growth.

 Growth Regulators: Plant hormones, such as auxins

and cytokinins, regulate cell division, differentiation,

and organogenesis.

 Explant Type: The type of plant material used as the

starting material (Explant) can influence the success of

tissue culture propagation.

2. Somaclonal variation: somaclonal varitation is a type

of genetic variation that can occur when plants are

grown from tissue culture. It was first discovered in the

1970s and has been used to develop new varieties of

floriculture crops. Tissue culture of floriculture crops

can generate somaclonal variants that may be novel and

can be propagated vegetatively.

3. Polyploid breeding: Polyploidy refers to the presence

of more than two sets of chromosomes in a cell. When a

plant is polyploid, it has multiple copies of each

chromosome. Ploidy manipulation offers a promising

approach to facilitate ornamental characteristics and

enhancing breeding programs. 

4. Mutation: mutation is a change in the DNA sequence

of an organism. In plant breeding, genetic variation is

essential for developing new and improved cultivars.

Induced mutation is a technique that uses various agents

to introduce changes in the DNA of plants.

ADVANTAGES

Eight carnation variants with altered colors and one rose variation were the only genetically modified cultivars available in the floriculture market as of the end of 2016.

Cut blooms from the genetically modified carnation are imported into Europe, Japan, Australia, and Ecuador. In Japan, the genetically modified "Applause" rose is now cultivated and marketed. Drawing from scientific literature, trial data conducted in Colombia, and publicly available information from the It is likely to conclude that colour-modified cut-flower variants of gypsophila, rose, and chrysanthemum will be the only genetically modified floricultural goods likely to be marketed in the near future.

There are no genetically modified kinds of any trees, shrubs, bedding plants, or floricultural pot plants that we are aware of that are almost ready for commercial distribution.

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